一、分类与特性：不同场景的 “专属配方”

1、 Classification and Characteristics: "Exclusive Formulas" for Different Scenarios

根据沥青种类和骨料级配，沥青料可分为几大类型，各有独特优势：

According to the type of asphalt and aggregate grading, asphalt can be divided into several types, each with unique advantages:

1. 普通沥青料：经济实用的 “基础款”

1. Ordinary asphalt material: an economical and practical "basic model"

由普通石油沥青与骨料混合而成，适合交通量中等的道路，如小区道路、乡镇公路。它的优点是成本较低、施工方便，常温下能快速凝固，缺点是高温下可能轻微软化（济南夏季高温时需控制车流量较大路段的使用），低温下韧性稍差，适合气候温和的场景。

Made by mixing ordinary petroleum asphalt with aggregates, suitable for roads with moderate traffic volume, such as residential roads and township roads. Its advantages are low cost, easy construction, and rapid solidification at room temperature. The disadvantage is that it may soften slightly at high temperatures (during high temperatures in Jinan, it is necessary to control the use of roads with high traffic flow in summer), and its toughness is slightly poor at low temperatures, making it suitable for mild climate scenarios.

2. 改性沥青料：耐用抗造的 “加强版”

2. Modified asphalt material: a durable and resistant "enhanced version"

在普通沥青中加入橡胶、树脂等改性剂（类似给沥青 “升级配方”），让沥青的韧性和耐高温、抗低温能力大幅提升。例如，加入 SBS 橡胶的改性沥青，高温时不易软化变形，低温时不易开裂，适合济南的城市主干道、高速公路，能承受重载车辆（如货车、公交车）的频繁碾压，使用寿命比普通沥青料延长 30% 以上。

Adding modifiers such as rubber and resin to ordinary asphalt (similar to upgrading the formula of asphalt) greatly improves the toughness, high temperature resistance, and low temperature resistance of asphalt. For example, modified asphalt with SBS rubber is not easily softened or deformed at high temperatures, and is not easily cracked at low temperatures. It is suitable for urban main roads and highways in Jinan and can withstand frequent crushing by heavy-duty vehicles (such as trucks and buses). Its service life is extended by more than 30% compared to ordinary asphalt.

3. 沥青玛蹄脂碎石（SMA）：细腻抗滑的 “高端款”

3. Asphalt mastic crushed stone (SMA): a delicate and anti-skid "high-end model"

骨料中加入更多粗碎石和矿粉，沥青含量更高，并添加纤维稳定剂，形成密实且粗糙的表面。这种沥青料的空隙率低（小于 7%），防水性强，表面的粗糙纹理能增加轮胎与路面的摩擦力，雨天不易打滑，常用于济南的桥梁、陡坡或高速弯道等对安全要求高的路段。

Add more coarse gravel and mineral powder to the aggregate, increase the asphalt content, and add fiber stabilizers to form a dense and rough surface. This type of asphalt material has a low porosity (less than 7%), strong waterproofing, and a rough surface texture that can increase the friction between the tire and the road surface. It is not easy to slip on rainy days and is commonly used in Jinan's bridges, steep slopes, or high-speed bends that require high safety.

二、选购沥青料的实用建议

2、 Practical suggestions for selecting asphalt materials

1. 根据交通量选 “强度与韧性”

1. Select "Strength and Resilience" based on traffic volume

低交通量（小区、支路）：选择普通沥青料，骨料级配偏细（如 AC-13），成本低且施工便捷。

Low traffic volume (residential areas, branch roads): Choose ordinary asphalt materials with fine aggregate gradation (such as AC-13), low cost and convenient construction.

高交通量（主干道、高速）：优先改性沥青料或 SMA，骨料级配偏粗（如 AC-25），并关注沥青的针入度（反映硬度，数值越小越硬），济南地区建议选择针入度 60-80（1/10 毫米）的沥青，兼顾软硬平衡。

High traffic volume (main roads, highways): Priority should be given to modified asphalt materials or SMA, with coarse aggregate gradation (such as AC-25), and attention should be paid to the penetration degree of asphalt (reflecting hardness, the smaller the value, the harder it is). It is recommended to choose asphalt with a penetration degree of 60-80 (1/10 millimeter) in Jinan area, taking into account the balance of hardness and softness.

2. 结合气候选 “温度适应性”

2. Choose "temperature adaptability" based on climate

高温天气（夏季 35℃以上）：选择软化点（沥青开始软化的温度）≥50℃的沥青料，避免路面出现车辙，改性沥青的软化点通常比普通沥青高 10-15℃，更适合济南夏季。

High temperature weather (above 35 ℃ in summer): Choose asphalt materials with a softening point (the temperature at which asphalt begins to soften) ≥ 50 ℃ to avoid rutting on the road surface. The softening point of modified asphalt is usually 10-15 ℃ higher than that of ordinary asphalt, making it more suitable for summer in Jinan.

低温天气（冬季 - 10℃以下）：关注沥青的延度（低温下拉伸不断的能力），延度≥100 厘米的沥青料抗裂性更好，减少冬季路面开裂风险。

Low temperature weather (below -10 ℃ in winter): Pay attention to the ductility of asphalt (the ability to stretch continuously at low temperatures). Asphalt with a ductility of ≥ 100 centimeters has better crack resistance and reduces the risk of road cracking in winter.

3. 查看 “骨料与级配”

3. View "Aggregates and Grading"

优质沥青料的骨料洁净无泥土（泥土会降低粘结力），碎石表面粗糙多棱角（增加与沥青的粘结面积）。级配方面，可通过 “筛分试验” 查看骨料颗粒分布，确保大、中、小颗粒比例合理，例如 SMA 的粗骨料（≥4.75 毫米）占比需≥70%，形成骨架结构。

The aggregate of high-quality asphalt material is clean and free of soil (soil will reduce the bonding strength), and the surface of the crushed stone is rough and angular (increasing the bonding area with asphalt). In terms of grading, the distribution of aggregate particles can be checked through a "screening test" to ensure that the proportion of large, medium, and small particles is reasonable. For example, the proportion of coarse aggregate (≥ 4.75 mm) in SMA needs to be ≥ 70% to form a skeleton structure.

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